What Caused The Songhai Empire To Fall?

Songhai empire, great trading state of West Africa (flourished 15th-16th century), centered on the middle reaches of the Niger River in what is now central Mali and eventually extending west to the Atlantic coast and east into Niger and Nigeria. Alternative Titles: Gao empire, Songhay empire.11: Moderators have the final say. Arguing with a mod is forbidden. 14: When posting a screenshot from one of your games, you must explain in the comments what the post viewer should be looking at, and if it is an event, you must provide a write up of what happened in your game before you got the...In other words, has the Empire already died or is it still only in agony? I was asking myself that question the other day when I suddenly realized that I might have determined In my opinion, the moment when the Trump Administration made this statement is when the death certificate of the Empire was signed.The Ghana Empire lay in the Sahel region to the north of the West African gold fields, and was able to profit by controlling the trans-Saharan gold trade, which turned Ghana into an empire of legendary wealth. Ghana appears to have had a central core region and was surrounded by vassal states.The Songhai Empire was centered around the city of Gao, where they had already established themselves since 1591 marks the end of the end of the Songhai Empire. The final blow to the Songhai Empire was delivered by the smaller kingdoms and tributary states that they once controlled.

The Collapse of Hüttig's empire : TNOmod

The Songhai Empire fell in 1591 after years of ineffective rule and the invasion of the Moroccans. These events are recorded on the Bible Timeline Poster with World History during that time. Between 1275 and 1300, the Mandinka army of the Mali Empire conquered the Songhai state and its territories.The Duke of Edinburgh spent his final days at Windsor Castle with his wife, who he lovingly called Lilibet throughout their long life together, after a Harry's grandfather's death comes weeks after they gave an interview to Oprah alleging racism in the Royal Family which aired while Philip was in hospital.The Songhai Empire,also known as the Songhay Empire,was a Songhai state located in western Africa. The book traces the journey of the people of Gonja from their original home in the ancient Songhai Empire to their present location in the northern region of the Republic of Ghana.The Songhai Empire acquired great wealth from the trade and tribute it raised from trading activity along the Trans-Saharan Trade route. In addition to local trade between the peoples of Songhai, the Songhai Empire itself benefited significantly from the Trans-Saharan Trade.

When exactly did the AngloZionist Empire collapse?

The Songhai Empire was a prominent empire from 1464 to 1591. They lived in Western Africa, south the Sahara Desert. Its capital city was Gao, located on what today is Mali. In the mid-1500s, the empire started to weaken due to internal conflicts that derived in a civil war. But in 1591, the empire was...Which event marks the final stage in the collapse of the Songhai Empire? (5 points). Revolts from deposed kings Civil wars among the priests Weakening from the slave trade An invasion from Morocco. This set is often saved in the same folder as... World History Sem 1 Final.Even though the Songhai Empire's solders outnumber Mo… The invasion from Morocco happened in the 16th century. Even though the Songhai Empire's solders outnumber Morocco's soldiers, Morocco able to came up victorious by utilising smart military strategies.Songhai empire extended along the great bend of the Niger River. Later rulers conquered more territory, making the Songhai the largest of West Sunni Ali was a key leader of the Songhai empire. Some would say he was one of the most important leaders that helped shape the empire and culture.Stage 1. Answer 4 out of 5 questions correctly. In 1350, the largest and most powerful society in West Africa was the Songhai Empire, which controlled the major trade cities of One important group was the Songhai people. They mostly lived in a small territory outside of Mali along the Niger River...

Jump to navigation Jump to search Songhai Empirec. 1464–1591The territorial extent of the Songhai Empire in c. 1500.CapitalGao[1]Common languagesSonghai, Malinké, Mandinka, Fulani, Bozo, Soninke, Hausa, MooréReligion Sunni Islam, Traditional African religionsGovernmentEmpireSonni (King), later Askia (Emperor) • 1464–1492 Sunni Ali• 1492–1493 Sonni Bāru• 1493–1528 Askia the Great• 1529–1531 Askia Musa• 1531–1537 Askia Benkan• 1537–1539 Askia Isma'il• 1539–1549 Askia Ishaq I• 1549–1582/1583 Askia Daoud• 1588–1592 Askia Ishaq IIHistorical eraPostclassical Era• Songhai state emerges at Gao c. 1000• independence from Mali Empire c. 1430• Sunni Dynasty begins 1468• Askiya Dynasty starts 1493• Songhai Empire falls 1591• Dendi Kingdom continues 1592Area1550[2]800,000 km2 (310,000 sq mi)Currency(Cowry shells, and gold cash) Preceded through Succeeded by Mali Empire Gao Empire Saadi dynasty Pashalik of Timbuktu Dendi Kingdom

The Songhai Empire (also transliterated as Songhay) was once a state that ruled the western Sahel/Sudan in the 15th and 16th century. At its peak, it was once one of the greatest states in African history. The state is understood through its historiographical title, derived from its main ethnic workforce and ruling elite, the Songhai. Sonni Ali established Gao as the capital of the empire, even supposing a Songhai state had existed in and around Gao since the 11th century. Other vital towns in the empire had been Timbuktu and Djenné, conquered in 1468 and 1475 respectively, where urban-centered trade flourished and to the south is the north Akan state of Bonoman.[3] Initially, the empire was once dominated by the Sonni dynasty (c. 1464–1493), but it surely was once later changed by way of the Askia dynasty (1493–1591).

During the second half of the 13th century, Gao and the surrounding region had grown into the most important buying and selling middle and attracted the pastime of the increasing Mali Empire. Mali conquered Gao against the finish of the thirteenth century. Gao would stay below Malian hegemony till the past due 14th century. As the Mali Empire began to fall apart, the Songhai reasserted keep watch over of Gao. Songhai rulers subsequently took merit of the weakened Mali Empire to increase Songhai rule.

Under the rule of Sonni Ali, the Songhai surpassed the Malian Empire in space, wealth, and gear, absorbing vast spaces of the Mali Empire and reached its largest extent. His son and successor, Sonni Bāru (1492–1493), was a much less a hit ruler of the empire, and as such was once overthrown by Muhammad Ture (1493–1528; referred to as Askia), one of his father's generals, who instituted political and financial reforms all over the empire.

A sequence of plots and coups by Askia's successors pressured the empire right into a duration of decline and instability. Askia's relations tried to control the empire, however political chaos and a number of other civil wars within the empire ensured the empire's endured decline, in particular all over the brutal rule of Askia Ishaq I (1539–1549). The empire experienced a period of steadiness and a string of military successes all the way through the reign of Askia Daoud (1549–1582/1583). Ahmad al-Mansur, the Moroccan sultan at the time, demanded tax revenues from the empire's salt mines.

Askia Daoud responded through sending a big amount of gold as a present in an attempt to appease the sultan. Askia Ishaq II (1588–1591) ascended to energy in a protracted dynastic battle following the dying of Askia Daoud. He would be the last ruler of the empire. In 1590, al-Mansur took merit of the fresh civil strife in the empire and despatched a military underneath the command of Judar Pasha to triumph over the Songhai and to realize regulate of the Trans-Saharan trade routes. After the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Tondibi (1591), the Songhai Empire collapsed. The Dendi Kingdom succeeded the empire as the continuation of Songhai culture and society.

History

Pre-imperial Songhai Further information: Songhai folks

The Songhai Empire changed Mali as the most vital empire in West Africa (overlaying fashionable states of Mauritania, Senegal, Nigeria and Mali).Origination (starting) as a smaller kingdom along the eastern aspect of the Niger river, the Songhai would make bigger their territory dramatically from the reign of King Sunni Ali(1464-1492).In precedent days there were a number of different teams of people that jointly formed the Songhai identity. Among the first people to settle in the area of Gao were the Sorko folks, who established small settlements on the banks of the Niger River. The Sorko fashioned boats and canoes from the wooden of the cailcedrat tree and fished and hunted from their boats and equipped water-borne delivery for goods and other folks. Another team of those that moved into the area to are living off of the Niger's assets had been the Gao other people. The Gao have been hunters and specialized in hunting river animals comparable to crocodile and hippopotamus.

The different workforce of other people known to have inhabited the space had been the Do folks. They were farmers who raised vegetation in the fertile lands bordering the river. Sometime prior to the 10th century, those early settlers had been subjugated by means of extra robust, horse-riding Songhai speakers, who established control over the space. All those teams of other folks regularly started to talk the same language they usually and their nation ultimately became referred to as the Songhai.[4]:49

Imperial Further knowledge: Za Dynasty

The earliest dynasty of kings is difficult to understand and most of the information about this dynasty comes from an historic cemetery close to a village referred to as Saney, on the subject of Gao. Inscriptions on a few of the tombstones in the cemetery point out that this dynasty dominated in the past due 11th and early twelfth centuries and that the rulers from this dynasty bore the title of Malik. Other tombstones point out a second dynasty, whose rulers bore the title zuwa. There is simplest myth and legend to describe zuwa origins. The Tarikh al-Sudan (the History of the Sudan), written in Arabic round 1655, supplies an early historical past of the Songhai as passed down through oral tradition. The Chronicle reviews that the mythical founder of the Za or the Zuwa dynasty was referred to as Za Alayaman (also spelled Dialliaman), who firstly came from Yemen and settled in the the town of Kukiya.[4]:60[5] What came about to the Zuwa rulers is not recorded.[6]

Pre-imperial kingdom Further information: Gao Empire

The camel-riding Sanhaja tribes have been amongst the early people of the Niger bend area. They were in the community known as the Tuareg. These tribes rode out of the great Sahara Desert and established trading settlements close to the Niger. As time handed, North African buyers crossed the Sahara and joined the Tuaregs in their Niger bend settlements. They all carried out trade with the other folks living close to the river. As trade in the area increased, the Songhai chiefs took keep an eye on of the winning commerce around what used to be to later grow to be Gao. Between 750 and 950, as the Ghana Empire prospered as the "land of gold" a ways to the west, the buying and selling centre at Gao became an more and more essential terminus for industry throughout the Sahara.

The business items included gold, salt, slaves, kola nuts, leather, dates, and ivory. And by the tenth century, the Songhai chiefs had established Gao as a small kingdom, taking regulate of the other people living along the industry routes. At around 1300, Gao had develop into so wealthy that it attracted the attention of the Mali Empire and its rulers. Gao was once due to this fact conquered via them and Mali profited from Gao's business and collected taxes from its kings till about the 1430s. Troubles in the Mali homelands made it unattainable to handle keep watch over of Gao.[4]:50–51Ibn Battuta visited Gao in 1353 when the the town was once a part of the Mali Empire. He arrived by way of boat from Timbuktu on his go back adventure from visiting the capital of the empire:

Then I travelled to the the town of Kawkaw, which is a great town on the Nīl [Niger], one of the greatest, largest, and most fertile cities of the Sūdān. There is way rice there, and milk, and chickens, and fish, and the cucumber, which has no like. Its other folks habits their purchasing and promoting with cowries, like the other folks of Mālī.[7]

Imperial Songhai

Following the demise of Mansa Sulayman in 1360, disputes over the succession weakened the Mali Empire. Furthermore, the ruinous reign of Mari Djata II left the empire in unhealthy financial shape, however the empire itself handed intact to Musa II. However, the actual power in the empire used to be in the hands of Mari Djata, Musa's kankoro-sigui. He put down a Tuareg revolt in Takedda and tried to quell the Songhai riot in Gao. While he was once successful in Takedda, he didn't organize to re-subjugate Gao, and so the Songhai effectively retained their independence.[8] During his reign, Sonni Ali would be the one to expand the small kingdom of Gao into a huge empire.[9]

Sonni Ali Further data: Sonni Ali

Sonni Ali used to be the first king of the Songhai Empire and the 15th ruler of the Manay dynasty. He labored his hardest to get the Songhai empire out of its rocky start. The Muslim leaders of Timbuktu asked him to pressure out the invaders. Once Sunni Ali drove them out, he took this opportunity and took over Timbuktu. Soon, he had virtually all the buying and selling towns along the Niger River.

Imperial Songhai

In the many years following the demise of, disputes over succession weakened the Mali Empire, and in the 1430s Songhai, up to now a Mali dependency, received independence beneath the Sonni Dynasty. Around thirty years later Sonni Sulayman Dama attacked Méma, the Mali province west of Timbuktu, paving the means for his successor, Sonni Ali, to turn his nation into one of the largest empires of medieval Africa.[4]

Sonni Ali

Sonni Ali reigned from 1464 to 1492, after the death of Sulayman Dama. Like Songhai kings earlier than him, Ali was a Muslim. In the past due 1460s, he conquered many of the Songhai's neighboring states, including what remained of the Mali Empire. Sonni Ali used to be considered the empire's maximum bold military strategist and conqueror.

During his campaigns for expansion, Ali conquered many lands, repelling assaults from the Mossi to the south and overcoming the Dogon people of the north. He annexed Timbuktu in 1468, after Islamic leaders of the the city asked his assistance in overthrowing marauding Tuaregs who had taken the town following the decline of Mali.[10] However, Ali met stark resistance after atmosphere his eyes on the wealthy and famend buying and selling the city of Djenné (often referred to as Jenne). After a continual seven-year siege, he was in a position to forcefully incorporate it into his vast empire in 1473, but best after having starved its citizens into surrender.

The invasion of Sonni Ali and his forces led to hurt to the city of Timbuktu, and he was once described as an illiberal tyrant in many African accounts. According to The Cambridge History of Africa the Islamic historian Al-Sa'df expresses this sentiment in describing his incursion on Timbuktu:

Sunni Ali entered Timbuktu, committed gross iniquity, burned and destroyed the the city, and brutally tortured many people there. When Akilu heard of the coming of Sonni Ali, he brought 1000 camels to hold the fuqaha of Sankore and went with them to Walata..... The Godless tyrant was once engaged in slaughtering those that remained in Timbuktu and humiliated them.[11]

The Timbuktu Manuscripts, with Arabic writings about mathematics and astronomy.

Sonni Ali conducted a repressive policy in opposition to the scholars of Timbuktu, particularly those of the Sankore area who were associated with the Tuareg. With his regulate of essential industry routes and cities reminiscent of Timbuktu, Sonni Ali brought great wealth to the Songhai Empire, which at its height would surpass the wealth of Mali.[12]

In oral tradition, Sonni Ali is continuously referred to as a formidable flesh presser and great military commander. Whatever the case may have been, his legend is composed of him being a fearless conqueror who united a great empire, sparking a legacy this is nonetheless intact as of late. Under his reign Djenné and Timbuktu became great centers of studying.

Askia the Great The Tomb of Askia in Gao.

After taking the throne Muhammad is referred to as Askia the Great, even if he had no real appropriate to be the king. Not simplest used to be he no longer in the royal circle of relatives blood line, he didn't cling the sacred symbols which entitled one to become a ruler. Furthermore, he used to be possibly a descendant of Soninke lineage quite than Songhai, which means that through Songhai requirements his family background would have now not allowed him to be King. But Askia managed to circumvent that legislation and take the throne.

He arranged the territories that Sonni Ali had up to now conquered and extended his power as a ways to the south and east. The army of the Songhai Empire underneath the Askia Mohammad I (1493 - 1528) possessed a full-time core of warriors. Al-Sa'di, the chronicler who wrote the Tarikh al-Sudan compared Askiya Mohammad I's military to that of his predecessor;

"he distinguished between the civilian and the army unlike Sunni Ali [1464–92] when everyone was a soldier."

Askia Mohammad I is claimed to have possessed cynical attitudes towards kingdoms that lacked professional armies like his.[13] He was once no longer as tactful as Ali in the means of the military, however he did to find success in alliances. Because of those alliances he was once ready to capture and conquer more hugely. Unlike Ali, however, he was once a devout Muslim. Askia opened religious schools, constructed mosques, and spread out his court to scholars and poets from all through the Muslim global. He despatched his youngsters to an Islamic School and enforced Islamic practices. Yet he was once tolerant of different religions and did not pressure Islam on his other folks.

Like Mansa Musa, Askia additionally completed one of the Five Pillars of Islam via taking a hajj to Mecca, and, also like the former, went with an awesome quantity of gold. He donated some to charity and used the leisure for lavish presents to impress the other folks of Mecca with the wealth of the Songhai. Islam was so essential to him that, upon his return, he recruited Muslim students from Egypt and Morocco to teach at the Sankore Mosque in Timbuktu as well as putting in place many other learning centers throughout his empire. His pilgrimage used to be much less noteworthy to Cairene historians than that of Mansa Musa; they famous it consisted of "an escort of 500 cavalry and 1000 infantry, and with him he carried 300,000 pieces of gold".[14] Among his nice accomplishments used to be an pastime in astronomical wisdom which resulted in a flourishing of astronomers and observatories in the capital.[15]

While now not as renowned as his predecessor for his military ways, he initiated many campaigns, particularly mentioning Jihad in opposition to the neighboring Mossi. Even after subduing them he didn't drive them to convert to Islam. His army consisted of battle canoes, skilled cavalry, protecting armor, iron tipped guns, and an organized militia.

Not only was once he a patron of Islam, he additionally was once gifted in management and encouraging trade. He centralized the administration of the empire and established an efficient paperwork which was chargeable for, among different issues, tax assortment and the management of justice. He also demanded that canals be constructed in order to toughen agriculture, which would ultimately build up industry. More necessary than anything else he did for industry used to be the creation of weights and measures and the appointment of an inspector for each of Songhai's essential buying and selling centers. During his reign Islam was more extensively entrenched, trans-Saharan business flourished, and the Saharan salt mines of Taghaza were brought inside the obstacles of the empire.

Decline

As Askia the Great grew older, his energy declined. In 1528 his sons revolted against him and declared Musa, one of Askia's many sons, as king. Following Musa's overthrow in 1531, Songhai's empire went into decline. Following a couple of makes an attempt at governing the Empire by means of Askia's sons and grandsons there was once little hope for a go back to the power it once held.

Between the political chaos and more than one civil wars inside of the empire, it came as a wonder when Morocco invaded Songhai impulsively. The primary reason for the Moroccan invasion of Songhai was once to clutch regulate of and revive the trans-Saharan business in salt and gold. The Songhai military, all over Askia's reign, consisted of full-time infantrymen, but the king never modernized his military. On the other hand, the invading Moroccan military integrated 1000's of arquebusiers and 8 English cannons. In the decisive Battle of Tondibi, the Moroccans destroyed the whole Songhai army and proceeded to capture Gao and Timbuktu, marking the finish of the empire.

Culture

At its top, the Songhai town of Timbuktu become a thriving cultural and business middle. Arab, Italian, and Jewish traders all collected for industry. A revival of Islamic scholarship additionally took place at the college in Timbuktu.[16] It received a name for learning and scholarship throughout the Muslim global. However, Timbuktu was however one of a myriad of towns throughout the empire.

Economy Trade routes of the Western Sahara c. 1000-1500. Goldfields are indicated by way of mild brown shading: Bambuk, Bure, Lobi, and Akan Goldfields.

External overland industry in the Sahel and internal riverine industry along the Niger have been the number one resources of Songhai wealth. Sea-borne business along the West African coast was now not conceivable until the late 1400s.[14]

Overland trade was once fostered by means of 4 elements: "camels provided the transportation, Berber tribesmen ensured the source of provisions [along the trade routes], Islam provided some internal cohesion as well as an ideological link with other people in the Sahel, and the imperial structure supplied the politico-military organization that mandated and safeguarded the available resources."[14] Gold was once readily available in West Africa, however salt was no longer - it was once uncommon however essential for human survival.[14] So, the gold-salt business used to be the spine of overland trade routes in the Sahel. On the back of this industry, ivory, ostrich feathers, and slaves were sent north in alternate for salt, horses, camels, material, and art.[14] While there were many business routes in use to various levels, the route thru the Fezzan by way of Bilma, Agades, and Gao used to be heavily used by the empire.[14]

The Niger river was an essential artery for industry for the empire.[14] Goods can be offloaded from camels onto both donkeys or boats at Timbuktu.[14] From there, they'd move along a 500-mile hall upstream to Djenné or downstream to Gao.[14]

The Julla (merchants) would form partnerships, and the state would give protection to those traders and the port cities of the Niger. It was once an overly sturdy buying and selling kingdom, identified for its manufacturing of sensible crafts in addition to religious artifacts.

The Songhai economy was once according to a extended family device. The extended family an individual belonged to in the long run decided one's occupation. The maximum usual were metalworkers, fishermen, and carpenters. Lower caste contributors consisted of mostly non-farm working immigrants, who at times were supplied particular privileges and held top positions in society. At the best were noblemen and direct descendants of the authentic Songhai other people, followed through freemen and investors. At the bottom have been struggle captives and slaves obligated to exertions, especially in farming. The Songhai used slaves extra persistently than their predecessors, the Ghana and Mali empires. For example, a big landed property labored via slaves "in the bend of the Niger ... was solely to supply the needs of the administration and the army."[14] James Olson describes the hard work gadget as resembling modern-day unions, with the Empire possessing craft guilds that consisted of more than a few mechanics and artisans.[17]

Criminal justice

Criminal justice in Songhai was based basically, if no longer entirely, on Islamic rules, particularly during the rule of Askia Muhammad. The local qadis had been in addition to this, with their responsibility being to take care of order via following Sharia legislation underneath Islamic domination, consistent with the Qur'an. An additional qadi was once famous as a necessity in order to settle minor disputes between immigrant merchants. Kings usually did not judge a defendant; alternatively, underneath special circumstances, comparable to acts of treason, they felt a duty to do so and thus exert their authority. Results of an ordeal were introduced by the "town crier" and punishment for many trivial crimes typically consisted of confiscation of products or even imprisonment, since quite a lot of prisons existed all through the Empire.[18]

Qadis labored at the native degree and were located in necessary trading towns, equivalent to Timbuktu and Djenné. The Qadi used to be appointed by means of the king and handled common-law misdemeanors in step with Sharia regulation. The Qadi additionally had the energy to grant a pardon or be offering refuge. The Assara-munidios, or "enforcers" worked alongside the traces of a police commissioner whose sole duty was to execute sentencing. Jurists have been principally composed of the ones representing the academic group; professors have been often noted as taking administrative positions inside of the Empire and lots of aspired to be qadis.[19]

Government

The higher categories in society transformed to Islam while decrease classes often endured to apply conventional religions. Sermons emphasized obedience to the king. Timbuktu used to be the tutorial capital. Sonni Ali established a machine of govt under the royal courtroom, later to be expanded through Askia Muhammad, which appointed governors and mayors to preside over native tributary states, situated round the Niger Valley. Local chiefs were nonetheless granted authority over their respective domain names as long as they did not undermine Songhai coverage.[20]

The tax used to be imposed on peripheral chiefdoms and provinces to verify the dominance of Songhai, and in go back, those provinces got almost whole autonomy. Songhai rulers best intervened in the affairs of those neighboring states when a scenario changed into volatile, generally an isolated incident. Each town used to be represented through govt officers, conserving positions and obligations very similar to as of late's central bureaucrats.

Under Askia Muhammad, the Empire noticed greater centralization. He encouraged learning in Timbuktu by rewarding its professors with larger pensions as an incentive. He additionally established an order of priority and protocol and was famous as a noble man who gave back generously to the deficient. Under his policies, Muhammad brought much stability to Songhai and nice attestations of this noted organization are nonetheless preserved in the works of Maghrebin writers akin to Leo Africanus, amongst others.

Religion

The Sonni dynasty was much less dignified than their successors, the Askiyas.[14] Askia Mohammed I oversaw an Islamic revival and made a pilgrimage to Mecca.[14]

Defeat

Further data: Saadi dynasty West Africa after the Moroccan invasion.

Following the loss of life of Emperor Askia Daoud, a civil war of succession weakened the Empire, leading Sultan Ahmad I al-Mansur of the Saadi Dynasty of Morocco to dispatch an invasion power (years previous, armies from Portugal had attacked Morocco, and failed miserably, however the Moroccan coffers had been on the verge of economic depletion and chapter, as they needed to pay for the defenses used to hold off the siege) underneath the eunuch Judar Pasha.[21]

Judar Pasha was a Spaniard through beginning, but have been captured as an infant and skilled at the Saadi courtroom. After a march across the Sahara desolate tract, Judar's forces captured, plundered, and razed the salt mines at Taghaza and moved directly to Gao. When Emperor Askia Ishaq II (r. 1588–1591) met Judar at the 1591 Battle of Tondibi, Songhai forces, despite massively superior numbers, were routed by means of a cattle stampede induced by way of the Saadi's gunpowder weapons.[21]

Judar proceeded to sack Gao, Timbuktu and Djenné, destroying the Songhai as a regional power. Governing so vast an empire proved an excessive amount of for the Saadi Dynasty, then again, and they soon relinquished keep an eye on of the region, letting it splinter into dozens of smaller kingdoms. The Songhai people themselves established the Dendi Kingdom.

See additionally

Za Dynasty Sonni Dynasty Askiya Dynasty Saadi Dynasty Mali Empire Dendi Kingdom Songhai languages Songhai (area)

References

Citations ^ Bethwell A. Ogot, Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century, (UNESCO Publishing, 2000), 303. ^ Taagepera 1979, pp. 497. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.quotationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .quotation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(clear,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")appropriate 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")correct 0.1em middle/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolour:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errorshow:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintshow:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .quotation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inheritHunwick, John O. (2003-01-01). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʿdi's Taʾrīkh Al-Sūdān Down to 1613, and Other Contemporary Documents. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-12822-4. ^ a b c d David C. Conrad (2009). Empires of Medieval West Africa. ^ Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan right down to 1613 and different recent documents | John Hunwick | Page 35 (xxxv) ^ Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan right down to 1613 and other fresh paperwork | John Hunwick | Page 36 (xxxvi) ^ Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 300. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLevtzionHopkins2000 (lend a hand) ^ Stride, G.T & C. Ifeka: "Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History 1000–1800". Nelson, 1971 ^ "Sonni Ali." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 27 Dec. 2014 | Chapter: Sonni Ali ^ Sonni ʿAlī.(2007). Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. ^ The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol 5: University Press, 1977, pp 421 ^ Daniel, McCall; Norman, Bennett (1971). "Aspects of West African Islam". Boston University Library. pp. 42–45. ^ Thornton, John Ok.. Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800 (Warfare and History) (Kindle Locations 871-872). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition. ^ a b c d e f g h i j ok l Willard, Alice (1993-04-01). "Gold, Islam and Camels: The Transformative Effects of Trade and Ideology". Comparative Civilizations Review. 28 (28): 88–89. ISSN 0733-4540. ^ Meri, Josef W. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index. google.com. ISBN 9780415966924. ^ Owen Jarus. "Timbuktu: History of Fabled Center of Learning". Live Science. ^ Olson, James Stuart. The Ethnic Dimension in American History. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., 1979 ^ Lady Lugard 1997, pp. 199–200. ^ Dalgleish 2005. ^ Iliffe 2007, pp. 72. ^ a b "Kingdoms of Africa - Niger". www.historyfiles.co.united kingdom. Retrieved 2020-01-23. Sources Dalgleish, David (April 2005). "Pre-Colonial Criminal Justice In West Africa: Eurocentric Thought Versus Africentric Evidence" (PDF). African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies. 1 (1). Retrieved 2011-06-26. Haskins, James; Benson, Kathleen; Cooper, Floyd (1998). African Beginnings. New York City: HarperCollins. pp. 48 Pages. ISBN 0-688-10256-5. Iliffe, John (2007). Africans: the historical past of a continent. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68297-8. Hunwick, John (1988). Timbuktu & the Songhay Empire: Al-Sa'dis Ta'rikh al-sudan all the way down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 480 pages. ISBN 90-04-12822-0. Lady Lugard, Flora Louisa Shaw (1997). "Songhay Under Askia the Great". A tropical dependency: an overview of the historical historical past of the western Sudan with an account of the trendy agreement of northern Nigeria / [Flora S. Lugard]. Black Classic Press. ISBN 0-933121-92-X. Malio, Thomas A. Hale. through The epic of Askia Mohammed / recounted through Nouhou (1990). Scribe, griot, and novelist : narrative interpreters of the Songhay Empire. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. ISBN 0-8130-0981-2. Taagepera, Rein (1979). Social Science History, Vol. 3, No. 3/4 "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Durham: Duke University Press. N. Levtzion; J.F.P. Hopkins (1981). Corpus of early Arabic sources for West African history. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22422-5. (reprint: Markus Wiener, Princeton, 2000, ISBN 1-55876-241-8).

Further studying

Isichei, Elizabeth. A History of African Societies to 1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print. Shillington, Kevin. History of Africa . second . NY: Macmillan, 2005. Print. Cissoko, S. M., Timbouctou et l'empire songhay, Paris 1975. Lange, D., Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa, Dettelbach 2004 (the ebook has a bankruptcy titled "The Mande factor in Gao history", pp. 409–544). Gomez, Michael A., African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton University Press, 2018.

External hyperlinks

African Kingdoms has a piece about the Songhai Empire The Story of Africa: Songhay — BBC World Service Askiyah's Questions and al-Maghili's Answers is an essay about the rule of the Songhai Empire from the fifteenth century. (in English and Arabic)vteMali articlesHistory Ghana Empire Pre-Imperial Mali Mali Empire Songhai Empire Bamana Empire Kénédougou Kingdom Kaarta Massina Empire Toucouleur Empire Wassoulou Empire French Sudan Mali Federation 2012 Tuareg riot 2012 coup Mali War Ebola disease event 2020 protests 2020 coupGeography Borders Cercles Cities Communes Environmental problems Mountains National parks Regions Rivers WildlifePolitics Constitution Elections Foreign members of the family Human rights LGBT rights Law enforcement Military National Assembly Political parties President Prime Minister Vice PresidentEconomy Foreign assist Telecommunications Tourism TransportSociety Child marriage Demographics Ethnic groups Education Health Human trafficking Languages Prostitution Religion Slavery LadiesCulture Cuisine Films Flag Literature Media Music Polygamy Public holidaysOutlineIndex Category Portal vteSahelian kingdoms Alodia Bagirmi Bamana Baol Bornu Dagbon Daju Darfur Dendi Futa Jallon Futa Toro Gao Ghana Great Fulo Hausa kingdoms Jolof Kaarta Kaabu Kanem Kong Mahdiyya caliphate Mali Massina Mossi kingdoms Saloum Sennar Shilluk Sine Sokoto Songhai Takrur Toucouleur Tunjur Wadai Wassoulou vteEmpiresAncient(Colonies) Akkadian Neo-Sumerian Assyrian Old Assyrian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Babylonian Old Babylonian Kassite Neo-Babylonian Egyptian Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Phoenician Carthaginian Chinese Shang Qin Han Three Kingdoms Jin North and South Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan XianbeiPost-classical Aksum Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Aragonese Angevin Ayyubid Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Thessalonica Trebizond Calakmul Chinese Sui Tang Liao Song Jīn Yuan Uyghur Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Genoese Georgian Holy-Roman Carolingian Huetar Hunnic Hephthalite Inca Indian Chola Gurjara-Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Samanid Saffarid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Egyptian Mamluk Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Serbian Singhasari Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Tunni Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Tikal Timurid Tiwanku Toltec Turco-Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Venetian Vietnamese Dai Viet Wagadou WariModern Afghan Ashanti Austrian Austro-Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian Haitian First Second French First Second German First/Old Reich Second Reich Third Reich Indian Mughal Mysorean Sikh Maratha British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Qajar Pahlavi Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian Somali Geledi Habr Yunis Hobyo Isaaq MajeerteenSwedish Tongan Ottoman Vietnamese Dainam VietnamColonial American Belgian British English Scottish Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Omani Polish–Lithuanian Couronian Portuguese Sovereign Military Order of Malta Spanish Swedish Lists Empires biggest in India Ancient great powers Medieval great powers Modern great powers European colonialism African empiresMiscellaneous The empire on which the solar never units "Empire" as a description of overseas policy American empire Soviet Empire Authority keep an eye on LCCN: n97031423 VIAF: 135042118 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n97031423 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&oldid=1017082751"